Conventional X-ray tubes, such as those used in hospitals and doctors’ surgeries, are generally not suitable for today’s scientific applications. For their experiments, the researchers need bespoke radiation from special light sources. Particle accelerators, for example, generate extremely powerful and focused X-rays. Their beams are so intense that they can reveal even the finest details: minute structural changes in batteries after numerous charging processes, tiny changes in solar cells during operation, or the position of individual atoms in a protein molecule to better combat pathogens. Moreover, when the researchers examine their samples with extremely short flashes of light or X-rays from lasers, they can observe ultrafast processes, such as the course of chemical reactions.

Worldwide unique light sources

DESY operates some of the best light sources worldwide in Hamburg: The PETRA III storage ring generates brilliant X-rays for a broad variety of experiments; the FLASH free-electron laser produces ultrashort laser pulses in the soft X-ray range; and the European XFEL X-ray laser is a true super microscope. For complementary measurements, precisely tailored laser systems are also being developed.

Together with various special laboratories, these facilities make DESY one of the world’s leading centres for research into the structure, dynamics and function of matter using X-rays. With the planned expansion of PETRA III into PETRA IV, the most powerful and best storage-ring-based X-ray source worldwide, and the upgrade of FLASH as part of the FLASH2020+ project, DESY will secure this top position also in the future.

Strong cooperation partner

Top-level research is scarcely possible today without networking and cooperation among various institutes, countries and scientific disciplines. DESY too operates within strong networks. Each year, its unique facilities for photon science draw more than 3000 guest scientists from over 40 countries to Hamburg. More and more institutions are establishing outstations on the campus to use the DESY facilities and cooperate closely with DESY.

Broad research spectrum

The experiments at the light sources at DESY range from basic to application-oriented research by science and industry in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, life sciences, geosciences, materials science and the study of cultural assets. Researchers from very different disciplines often work together to gain new insights or develop new methods.

From studies of catalytic processes and environmentally friendly materials…

Physicists use the X-rays produced by the DESY light sources to identify the types of atoms that make up a nanomaterial or semiconductor and determine how the atoms are arranged. Chemical reactions can be followed and analysed in real time to investigate what exactly happens during catalysis, for example. In this way, scientists can for instance find out how hydrogen can be produced sustainably – a process of enormous economic importance.

In materials science, the studies at DESY help to improve solar cells, investigate fatigue phenomena in batteries, devise energy-saving machining processes for workpieces for the cars and aircraft of the future, develop more efficient materials for energy or data storage, or produce environmentally friendly materials from renewable raw substances. In the geosciences, researchers can investigate minerals under conditions similar to those in the Earth’s interior and understand altered quartz structures caused by asteroid impacts on Earth. Cultural treasures, such as archaeological finds, ancient writings and paintings, can also be studied in detail using the DESY light sources.

... to insights into pathogens and active medical ingredients

In the life sciences and biology, researchers can study metabolic processes, such as photosynthesis or the uptake of pollutants in plants, create 3D maps of nerve cells in the brain or decipher the structure and functional mechanisms of pathogens, proteins and other biomolecules. In this way, they make essential contributions to understanding relevant biological processes as well as to combating diseases and developing new drugs – indispensable for medicine.

In 2009, the Israeli biochemist Ada Yonath received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the structural elucidation of the ribosome, the protein factory of cells, for which she had conducted important experiments at the time at the DORIS light source at DESY. Since shortly after the start of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, PETRA III has been used for experiments to understand infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus at the molecular level, and further measurements have contributed to vaccine development.